Cohesion & Coherence in Writing (লিখিত ভাষায় সংযুক্তি ও সঙ্গতি)

by Rich DeFion Posted on

 

📘 English to Bangla Course

Lesson: Cohesion & Coherence in Writing (লিখিত ভাষায় সংযুক্তি ও সঙ্গতি)

1. What is Cohesion?

👉 Cohesion refers to the grammatical and lexical linking within a text that holds it together.
➡️ বাংলায়: Cohesion হলো এমন লিঙ্ক বা সংযোগ যা বাক্য ও অনুচ্ছেদগুলিকে একসাথে রাখে।

Example:

  • Cohesive: I love reading. It helps me relax.
  • ❌ Non-cohesive: I love reading. I relax.
    ➡️ “It” provides cohesion between the sentences.

2. What is Coherence?

👉 Coherence means the logical flow of ideas in writing.
➡️ বাংলায়: Coherence হলো লেখার মধ্যে ধারাবাহিক ও যৌক্তিক ভাবের প্রবাহ।

Example:

  • Coherent: I love reading. It helps me relax. Reading also improves vocabulary.
  • ❌ Non-coherent: I love reading. I ate lunch. I like movies.
    ➡️ Coherence ensures ideas make sense together.

3. How to Achieve Cohesion

a) Using Linking Words / Connectors

  • Addition: and, moreover, furthermore → এবং, তদুপরি
  • Contrast: but, however, on the other hand → কিন্তু, তবে, অন্যদিকে
  • Cause/Effect: because, therefore, as a result → কারণ, অতএব, ফলস্বরূপ
  • Sequence: first, next, finally → প্রথমে, পরবর্তী, শেষমেষ

Example:

  • I studied hard. Therefore, I passed the exam.
    ➡️ আমি কঠোরভাবে পড়াশোনা করেছি। ফলস্বরূপ, আমি পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হয়েছি।

b) Using Pronouns & Reference Words

  • He, she, it, they, this, that, these, those
  • Example:
    • John loves books. He reads every day.
      ➡️ Cohesion is achieved through “he”.

c) Using Repetition or Synonyms

  • Example:
    • Pollution is a serious problem. Environmental contamination affects everyone.
      ➡️ Synonym used for cohesion: “Pollution → Environmental contamination”

d) Using Substitution & Ellipsis

  • Substitution: replacing words to avoid repetition
    • Example: I need a pen. Do you have one?
  • Ellipsis: leaving out words that are understood
    • Example: She can play the guitar, and he can too.
      ➡️ Both create smooth, cohesive sentences.

4. How to Achieve Coherence

  1. Logical Order of Ideas
    • Example: Introduction → Body → Conclusion
    • Present ideas in sequence or hierarchy.
  2. Paragraph Unity
    • Each paragraph should focus on one main idea.
    • Example: One paragraph about causes, another about effects.
  3. Consistent Tone & Style
    • Maintain formal or informal tone consistently in academic writing.
  4. Use of Signposting Words
    • Words that guide the reader: Firstly, In conclusion, In contrast, On the other hand

5. Examples in Academic Writing

  1. Cohesive & Coherent:
  • Introduction: Climate change is a major issue.
  • Body: It causes rising sea levels. Moreover, it affects agriculture.
  • Conclusion: Therefore, urgent action is needed.

➡️ Pronouns, connectors, and logical flow ensure cohesion & coherence.

6. Practice (Translate & Apply)

  1. আমি কঠোরভাবে পড়াশোনা করেছি, তাই পরীক্ষায় উত্তীর্ণ হয়েছি।
    👉 I studied hard; therefore, I passed the exam.
  2. জলবায়ু পরিবর্তন একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সমস্যা, এবং এটি কৃষি প্রভাবিত করে।
    👉 Climate change is a serious problem, and it affects agriculture.
  3. প্রথমে আমরা কারণ আলোচনা করব, তারপর এর প্রভাব।
    👉 Firstly, we will discuss the causes, and then the effects.
  4. জন বই ভালোবাসে, সে প্রতিদিন পড়ে।
    👉 John loves books; he reads every day.

পরবর্তী ক্লাস