#TermāϏāĻšāϜ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
1InvestmentāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ return āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
2InvestorāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϝ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ asset-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
3PortfolioāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“āĻāĻ•āϜāύ investor-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ investment-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĨ¤
4AssetāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻāϝāĻžāϰ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āφāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
5Asset ClassāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļā§āϰ⧇āĻŖāĻŋāĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝ⧇āϰ investment categoryāĨ¤
6Financial AssetāφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻStocks, bonds, funds āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• instrumentāĨ¤
7Real AssetāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻāϜāĻŽāĻŋ, property, commodity āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ tangible assetāĨ¤
8CapitalāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύinvestment āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĨ¤
9PrincipalāĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĨ¤
10ReturnāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύinvestment āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ āϞāĻžāĻ­ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĨ¤
11Investment ReturnāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύinvestment-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ“ income āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŽā§‹āϟ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞāĨ¤
12Capital GaināĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύ⧀ āϞāĻžāĻ­āϕ⧋āύ⧋ asset-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻ­āĨ¤
13Capital LossāĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύ⧀ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋasset āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇ loss āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
14Income ReturnāφāϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύdividend, interest āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ income āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž returnāĨ¤
15Total ReturnāĻŽā§‹āϟ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύprice gain/loss āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ income—āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž returnāĨ¤
16Passive IncomeāύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āφāϝāĻŧāϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻ“ investment āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž incomeāĨ¤
17Active InvestingāϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—market analysis āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ investment decision āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
18Passive InvestingāύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ broad market āĻŦāĻž index āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĨ¤
19Long-Term InvestmentāĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϧāϰ⧇ asset āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ investment approachāĨ¤
20Short-Term InvestmentāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻŽ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ investment āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
21Investment HorizonāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻ•āϤāĻĻāĻŋāύ investment āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
22Financial GoalāφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝinvestment-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϚāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ financial objectiveāĨ¤
23Wealth BuildingāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻ—āĻ āύāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ investment-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŽā§‹āϟ wealth āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
24Wealth PreservationāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ wealth-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ strategyāĨ¤
25Capital PreservationāĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ loss āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ invested capital āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
26Growth InvestingāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ growth āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž asset-āĻ investmentāĨ¤
27Value InvestingāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ asset āϖ⧁āρāĻœā§‡ investment āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
28Income InvestingāφāϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ income āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž asset-āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
29Dividend InvestingDividend-āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—dividend āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ stocks-āĻ investment āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
30Index InvestingIndex-āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ market index-āĻāϰ performance āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ investment approachāĨ¤
31Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA)āϧāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āϧāĻžāĻĒ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
32Lump-Sum InvestmentāĻāĻ•āĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻāĻ•āĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ investment āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
33Systematic InvestmentāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ interval-āĻ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ investment āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
34CompoundingāϚāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ return āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ return āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
35Compound GrowthāϚāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ return āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĨ¤
36ReinvestmentāĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ income āĻŦāĻž profit āφāĻŦāĻžāϰ investment āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
37Dividend ReinvestmentDividend āĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž dividend āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ shares āĻŦāĻž fund āϕ⧇āύāĻžāĨ¤
38RiskāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻĢāϞāĻžāĻĢāϞ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ investment-āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĨ¤
39Investment RiskāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋinvestment-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž return āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĨ¤
40Risk ToleranceāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ āϏāĻšāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻžinvestor āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž volatility āĻŦāĻž loss āĻŽāĻžāύāϏāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻšā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύāĨ¤
41Risk CapacityāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻšāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž loss āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦāĨ¤
42Risk ProfileāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻĢāĻžāχāϞinvestor-āĻāϰ risk tolerance, capacity āĻ“ objectives-āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϰāĨ¤
43Risk AppetiteāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāϪ⧇āϰ āφāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻ•āϤāϟāĻž risk āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āχāĻšā§āĻ›āĻž āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
44Risk-Return Trade-OffāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ-āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ return-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ risk āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
45VolatilityāĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ“āĻ āĻžāύāĻžāĻŽāĻžasset-āĻāϰ price āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻ“ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
46LiquidityāϤāĻžāϰāĻ˛ā§āϝasset āĻ•āϤ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ price impact āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž cash-āĻ āϰ⧂āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
47DiversificationāĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ asset āĻŦāĻž investment-āĻ capital āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
48Asset AllocationāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŖā§āϟāύportfolio-āĻāϰ capital āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ asset class-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
49Strategic Asset AllocationāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāĻ—āϤ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦāĻŖā§āϟāύāĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ target asset allocation āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
50Tactical Asset AllocationāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāĻ—āϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŖā§āϟāύmarket condition āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ asset allocation āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
51StockāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤
52Common StockāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ ownership āĻ“ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ voting rights āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ shareāĨ¤
53Preferred StockāĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ stock-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ dividend āĻŦāĻž liquidation-āĻ āĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
54BondāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϧāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ return āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ debt instrumentāĨ¤
55Government BondāϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āχāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž debt securityāĨ¤
56Corporate BondāĻ•āĻ°ā§āĻĒā§‹āϰ⧇āϟ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāϕ⧋āύ⧋ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύ āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšā§‡āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āχāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻž bondāĨ¤
57Treasury BondāĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ debt securityāĨ¤
58Treasury BillāĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāϞāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ debt instrumentāĨ¤
59Treasury NoteāĻŸā§āϰ⧇āϜāĻžāϰāĻŋ āύ⧋āϟāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋ debt securityāĨ¤
60CouponāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āϏ⧁āĻĻBondholder-āϕ⧇ bond-āĻāϰ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āϏ⧁āĻĻāĨ¤
61Coupon Rateāϕ⧁āĻĒāύ āĻšāĻžāϰBond-āĻāϰ face value-āĻāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϏ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰāĨ¤
62Face ValueāύāĻžāĻŽāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝBond maturity-āϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϝ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āϞ amount āĻĢ⧇āϰāϤ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻĨāĻžāĨ¤
63Bond YieldāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§‡āϰ āĻĢāϞāύBond āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ annualized return-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤
64Yield to Maturity (YTM)āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻĢāϞāύBond maturity āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϞ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ assumptions-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ implied returnāĨ¤
65Maturity DateāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ–Bond-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύ āĻĢ⧇āϰāϤ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ–āĨ¤
66Credit RiskāĻ‹āĻŖāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋIssuer debt-āĻāϰ payment obligation āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĨ¤
67DefaultāĻ‹āĻŖ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§‹āϧ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžIssuer āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ payment obligation āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
68ETFExchange-Traded FundExchange-āĻ share-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ trade āĻ•āϰāĻž fundāĨ¤
69Index ETFIndex ETFāϕ⧋āύ⧋ market index-āĻāϰ performance āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ ETFāĨ¤
70Sector ETFSector ETFāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ economic sector-āĻāϰ assets-āĻ exposure āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž ETFāĨ¤
71Bond ETFBond ETFāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ bond-āĻāϰ portfolio āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ exchange-traded fundāĨ¤
72Commodity ETFCommodity ETFCommodity price āĻŦāĻž commodity-related assets-āĻ exposure āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ ETFāĨ¤
73Mutual FundāĻŽāĻŋāωāϚ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻĢāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• investor-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ professional management-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ asset-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž fundāĨ¤
74Index FundIndex FundāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ index-āĻāϰ performance āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ fundāĨ¤
75Money Market FundMoney Market FundāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ“ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• liquid instruments-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ fundāĨ¤
76Fund ManagerāĻĢāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āϜāĻžāϰFund-āĻāϰ investment decisions āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ professionalāĨ¤
77Net Asset Value (NAV)āύāĻŋāϟ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝFund-āĻāϰ assets āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ liabilities āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ unit-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĨ¤
78Expense RatioāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύ āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰFund āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ annual operating expenses-āĻāϰ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤāĨ¤
79Management FeeāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻž āĻĢāĻŋInvestment fund āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž feeāĨ¤
80Tracking ErrorāĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖāϜāύāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋFund-āĻāϰ return āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϝ⧇ index āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ return-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤
81Portfolio ConstructionāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ—āĻ āύāϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝ āĻ“ risk āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ investment āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻ“ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
82Portfolio AllocationāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŖā§āϟāύPortfolio-āĻāϰ capital āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ investment-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
83Core PortfolioāĻŽā§‚āϞ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ portfolio-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĻŋāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤
84Satellite PortfolioāϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“Core-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ return āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ exposure-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤
85Core-Satellite StrategyCore-Satellite āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ diversified holdings-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϛ⧋āϟ tactical investments āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ approachāĨ¤
86Diversified PortfolioāĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ asset, sector āĻŦāĻž region-āĻ investment āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž portfolioāĨ¤
87Concentrated Portfolioāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻ• investment-āĻ portfolio-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāĨ¤
88Strategic AllocationāĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŖā§āϟāύāĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ objective āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ asset mix āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
89Tactical AllocationāϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻŖā§āϟāύMarket opportunity āĻŦāĻž risk āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ allocation āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
90RebalancingāĻĒ⧁āύāσāĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝPortfolio target allocation āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ holdings āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
91Portfolio DriftāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋMarket movement-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ actual allocation target āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϏāϰ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
92Target AllocationāϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŖā§āϟāύāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ asset class-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāϗ⧇ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ portfolio weightāĨ¤
93Strategic WeightāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāĻ—āϤ āĻ“āϜāύPortfolio-āϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ asset-āĻāϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ percentageāĨ¤
94Position WeightāĻĒāϜāĻŋāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻ“āϜāύPortfolio-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‹āϟ value-āĻāϰ āĻ•āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ investment-āĻ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
95OverweightāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ“āϜāύBenchmark āĻŦāĻž target-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ asset-āĻ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ allocation āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāĨ¤
96UnderweightāĻ•āĻŽ āĻ“āϜāύBenchmark āĻŦāĻž target-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ asset-āĻ āĻ•āĻŽ allocation āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāĨ¤
97Neutral WeightāύāĻŋāϰāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ āĻ“āϜāύBenchmark āĻŦāĻž target-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ allocation āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāĨ¤
98BenchmarkāϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāύāĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄPortfolio performance āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ reference index āĻŦāĻž standardāĨ¤
99Portfolio TurnoverāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ portfolio holdings āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āϕ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤
100Investment Policy Statement (IPS)āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻžInvestment objectives, risk, allocation, constraints āĻ“ rules āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž documentāĨ¤
101Portfolio RiskāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ portfolio-āĻāϰ value āĻŦāĻž return āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĨ¤
102Systematic RiskāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰāĻ—āϤ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ market-āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ risk, āϝāĻž diversification āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋āĻĒ⧁āϰāĻŋ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
103Unsystematic RiskāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž asset-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ riskāĨ¤
104Market RiskāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋMarket movement-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ investment-āĻāϰ value āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĨ¤
105Credit RiskāĻ‹āĻŖāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋDebt issuer payment āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĨ¤
106Interest Rate RiskāϏ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋInterest rate āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ investment-āĻāϰ value āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĨ¤
107Inflation RiskāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§€āϤāĻŋ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋInflation-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ investment return-āĻāϰ real purchasing power āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ riskāĨ¤
108Currency RiskāĻŽā§āĻĻā§āϰāĻž āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋExchange rate āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ investment return āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ riskāĨ¤
109Liquidity RiskāϤāĻžāϰāĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋAsset āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ price impact āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ riskāĨ¤
110Concentration Riskāϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋPortfolio-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻ…āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻ•āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ•āϟāĻŋ asset āĻŦāĻž sector-āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ riskāĨ¤
111Country RiskāĻĻ⧇āĻļāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāϕ⧋āύ⧋ āĻĻ⧇āĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ, āϰāĻžāϜāύ⧀āϤāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āύ⧀āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ investment riskāĨ¤
112Political RiskāϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāϰāĻžāϜāύ⧈āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ investment-āĻāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ āύ⧇āϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϚāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāĨ¤
113Reinvestment RiskāĻĒ⧁āύāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž income āĻŦāĻž maturity proceeds āĻāĻ•āχ return-āĻ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āύāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻžāϰ riskāĨ¤
114Sequence of Returns RiskReturn-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻ—āϤ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ withdrawal phase-āĻ return-āĻāϰ order portfolio outcome-āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ riskāĨ¤
115Longevity RiskāĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋretirement-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ riskāĨ¤
116PerformanceāĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢāϰāĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ portfolio āĻŦāĻž investment āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
117Absolute ReturnāĻĒāϰāĻŽ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύBenchmark-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ investment-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāϜāĻ¸ā§āĻŦ returnāĨ¤
118Relative ReturnāϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύBenchmark-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ investment-āĻāϰ returnāĨ¤
119Annualized ReturnāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āώāĻŋāϕ⧀āĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ return-āϕ⧇ annual basis-āĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
120CAGRāϚāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āώāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāĻāĻ•āĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ growth rate-āϕ⧇ annual compounded rate āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
121Total Investment ReturnāĻŽā§‹āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύCapital gain/loss āĻ“ investment income āĻŽāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŽā§‹āϟ returnāĨ¤
122Real ReturnāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύInflation āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ investment-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ purchasing-power returnāĨ¤
123Nominal ReturnāύāĻžāĻŽāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύInflation adjustment āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ reported returnāĨ¤
124Benchmark ReturnBenchmark āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻŋāϤ benchmark-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ returnāĨ¤
125Excess ReturnāĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύBenchmark āĻŦāĻž risk-free rate-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ returnāĨ¤
126Risk-Adjusted ReturnāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ-āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž risk-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ investment āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž return āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĨ¤
127Sharpe RatioSharpe āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤRisk-free rate-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ excess return āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ volatility-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
128Sortino RatioSortino āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤDownside risk āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ risk-adjusted performance āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
129Treynor RatioTreynor āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤSystematic risk-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ excess return āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
130AlphaāĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻĢāϰāĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϏBenchmark āĻŦāĻž expected performance-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ portfolio-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ performance-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤
131BetaāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻžBenchmark market movement-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ investment āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤
132Standard DeviationāĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤāĻŋReturn-āĻāϰ volatility āĻŦāĻž variability āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ statistical measureāĨ¤
133VarianceāĻŦāĻŋāϚāϰāĻŖReturn āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ statistical measureāĨ¤
134CorrelationāĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ asset-āĻāϰ return āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ move āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤
135CovarianceāϏāĻš-āĻŦāĻŋāϚāϰāĻŖāĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ variable āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāϰ measureāĨ¤
136Correlation MatrixāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻŋPortfolio-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ asset-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• correlation āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ matrixāĨ¤
137DrawdownāĻĒāϤāύPortfolio-āĻāϰ previous peak āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ trough āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ declineāĨ¤
138Maximum DrawdownāϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āĻĒāϤāύāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ peak-to-trough āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ declineāĨ¤
139Recovery PeriodāĻĒ⧁āύāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧDrawdown āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ previous peak-āĻ āĻĢāĻŋāϰāϤ⧇ āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϞāĻžāϗ⧇āĨ¤
140Volatility DragVolatility-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ“āĻ āĻžāύāĻžāĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ geometric return arithmetic average-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
141ValuationāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāϕ⧋āύ⧋ investment-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ fair āĻŦāĻž intrinsic value āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
142Intrinsic ValueāĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝAsset-āĻāϰ fundamental characteristics-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ estimated valueāĨ¤
143Fair ValueāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤ assumptions-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ estimated reasonable valueāĨ¤
144Market ValueāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝMarket-āĻ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āϝ⧇ price-āĻ asset trade āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
145OvervaluedāĻ…āϤāĻŋāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤEstimated value-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ market price āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
146UndervaluedāĻ•āĻŽāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤEstimated value-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ market price āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
147Margin of SafetyāύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϧāĻžāύEstimated intrinsic value-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ discount āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ investment āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻžāĨ¤
148Fundamental AnalysisāĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖEconomic, financial āĻ“ business data āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ investment āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
149Technical AnalysisāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ—āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖPrice, volume āĻ“ market behavior āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ investment decision āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĨ¤
150Investment ThesisāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϕ⧇āύ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ investment āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋ, assumptions āĻ“ expected outcomeāĨ¤
151Portfolio ManagementāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžInvestment portfolio āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ, āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ“ monitoring-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
152Active Portfolio ManagementāϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžBenchmark-āĻāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ performance āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āϏāĻŋāĻĻā§āϧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
153Passive Portfolio ManagementāύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ index āĻŦāĻž predetermined strategy āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ portfolio āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
154Portfolio OptimizationāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ…āĻĒā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāχāĻœā§‡āĻļāύāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ risk-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ portfolio outcome āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ asset mix āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
155Efficient PortfolioāĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“āĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ risk-āĻ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ expected return āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ return-āĻ āĻ•āĻŽ risk āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻžāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ portfolioāĨ¤
156Efficient FrontierāĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ risk level-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ efficient portfolios-āĻāϰ āϏ⧇āϟāĨ¤
157Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT)āφāϧ⧁āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āϤāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦDiversification āĻ“ risk-return relationship āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ portfolio construction-āĻāϰ frameworkāĨ¤
158Mean-Variance OptimizationāĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ-variance optimizationExpected return āĻ“ variance āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ portfolio allocation āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāĨ¤
159Expected ReturnāĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύāϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ outcome āĻ“ probability-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž returnāĨ¤
160Expected RiskāĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ outcome-āĻāϰ variability āĻŦāĻž uncertainty āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž riskāĨ¤
161Risk BudgetingāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŖā§āϟāύPortfolio-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‹āϟ risk āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ investment āĻŦāĻž strategy-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻŋāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
162Risk ParityāϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ asset class-āĻāϰ risk contribution āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ portfolio approachāĨ¤
163Minimum Variance PortfolioāϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύ variance portfolioāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāĻŋāϤ assets-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ portfolio volatility āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ portfolioāĨ¤
164Maximum DiversificationāϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ• diversificationAssets-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ āφāϚāϰāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ diversification benefit āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋āϰ approachāĨ¤
165Asset CorrelationāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ asset-āĻāϰ returns āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤
166Correlation RiskāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āϜāύāĻŋāϤ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ holdings āĻāĻ•āχ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ move āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ diversification benefit āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ riskāĨ¤
167Portfolio BetaāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ BetaBenchmark-āĻāϰ market movement-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻĒ⧁āϰ⧋ portfolio-āĻāϰ sensitivityāĨ¤
168Portfolio AlphaāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ AlphaBenchmark āĻŦāĻž expected performance-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ portfolio-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ performance-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤
169Portfolio VolatilityāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ volatilityPortfolio return āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻ“āĻ āĻžāύāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤
170Portfolio Sharpe RatioPortfolio Sharpe RatioPortfolio-āĻāϰ excess return-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ total volatility-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ risk-adjusted measureāĨ¤
171Portfolio IncomeāĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“ āφāϝāĻŧPortfolio-āĻāϰ holdings āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž dividend, interest āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ incomeāĨ¤
172Cash AllocationCash āĻŦāĻŖā§āϟāύPortfolio-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ cash āĻŦāĻž cash-equivalent assets-āĻ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāĨ¤
173Cash ReserveāύāĻ—āĻĻ āϰāĻŋāϜāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž liquid fundsāĨ¤
174Emergency FundāϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ āϤāĻšāĻŦāĻŋāϞUnexpected expenses āĻŽā§‹āĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϞāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ investment portfolio-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž reserveāĨ¤
175Liquidity BufferāϤāĻžāϰāĻ˛ā§āϝ āϏ⧁āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϜāϰ⧁āϰāĻŋ cash need āĻĒā§‚āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ portfolio-āĻāϰ liquid āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤
176Rebalancing ThresholdāĻĒ⧁āύāσāĻ­āĻžāϰāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϝ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžAllocation āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤ āĻšāϞ⧇ rebalancing āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ ruleāĨ¤
177Calendar RebalancingāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• RebalancingāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϏ⧂āϚāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ portfolio rebalance āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
178Cash Flow RebalancingCash Flow āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ RebalancingāύāϤ⧁āύ contribution āĻŦāĻž withdrawal āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ portfolio allocation āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻžā§āϜāĻ¸ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
179Tax-Loss HarvestingTax-loss harvestingāĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧋āĻœā§āϝ tax rules-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϧ⧀āύ⧇ capital loss āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ taxable gains āĻŦāĻž income-āĻāϰ tax impact āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāĨ¤
180Tax-Efficient InvestingāĻ•āϰ-āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—Tax impact āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ investment āĻ“ account structure āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāϚāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
181Tax-Deferred AccountTax-deferred accountāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ account structure-āĻ tax payment āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
182Taxable AccountāĻ•āϰāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ investment accountāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ investment income āĻŦāĻž gains āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧋āĻœā§āϝ tax rules āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ taxable āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
183Retirement InvestingāĻ…āĻŦāϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇āϰ retirement needs-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ investment āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
184Retirement PortfolioāĻ…āĻŦāϏāϰ āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“Retirement income āĻ“ capital needs āĻĒā§‚āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ portfolioāĨ¤
185Retirement IncomeāĻ…āĻŦāϏāϰāĻ•āĻžāϞ⧀āύ āφāϝāĻŧRetirement-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ portfolio āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ sources āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž incomeāĨ¤
186Withdrawal RateāωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧋āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ portfolio āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āϤ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧋āϞāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
187Sustainable WithdrawalāĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧋āϞāύāĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻ⧇ portfolio depletion-āĻāϰ risk āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ withdrawal āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĨ¤
188Accumulation PhaseāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āϏāĻžā§āϚāϝāĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧInvestment capital āĻ“ wealth āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
189Distribution PhaseāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧPortfolio āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤ⧋āϞāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
190Life-Cycle InvestingāĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϚāĻ•ā§āϰāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—Investor-āĻāϰ āĻŦāϝāĻŧāϏ, income, goals āĻ“ time horizon āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ investment approach āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
191Goal-Based InvestingāϞāĻ•ā§āĻˇā§āϝāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ financial goals āĻ…āύ⧁āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ portfolio āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ“ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
192Strategic Investment PlanāĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ objectives, allocation, risk āĻ“ rules āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ investment planāĨ¤
193Investment MandateāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āϗ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļāύāĻžPortfolio manager āĻŦāĻž strategy āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ capital āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ guidelinesāĨ¤
194Investment ConstraintāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻžPortfolio āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ capital, liquidity, tax, legal āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻžāĨ¤
195Investment CommitteeāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āĻŽāĻŋāϟāĻŋInstitutional portfolio-āĻāϰ investment decisions āĻ“ policy āϤāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻ•āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ groupāĨ¤
196Wealth ManagementāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžInvestment-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻļāĻŋ financial planning, risk, tax āĻ“ wealth objectives āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
197Financial PlanningāφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžIncome, expenses, savings, investment āĻ“ future goals āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĨ¤
198Estate PlanningāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻŽā§ƒāĻ¤ā§āϝ⧁āϰ āĻĒāϰ assets āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ transfer āĻŦāĻž manage āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĨ¤
199Legacy PlanningāωāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻ¨ā§āĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļā§āϝ⧇ wealth transfer-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĨ¤
200Wealth Preservation StrategyāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻĻ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ wealth āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž, risk control āĻ“ sustainable growth-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāύāĻžāĨ¤