#TermāϏāĻšāϜ āĻŦāĻžāĻ‚āϞāĻž āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨāϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
1StockāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻžāϰ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤
2ShareāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āχāωāύāĻŋāϟāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ ownership-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ unitāĨ¤
3Stock MarketāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰāϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ publicly traded stocks āϕ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
4EquityāĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ ownership-āϕ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ equity āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
5Public CompanyāĻĒāĻžāĻŦāϞāĻŋāĻ• āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻžāϰ shares public market-āĻ āϕ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
6Private CompanyāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāχāϭ⧇āϟ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϝāĻžāϰ shares āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ public market-āĻ freely traded āύāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
7IPOāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĢāĻžāϰāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽāĻŦāĻžāϰ public-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ shares offer āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
8Secondary MarketāϏ⧇āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϟIPO-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ investors āĻāϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ shares trade āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
9Stock ExchangeāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻ• āĻāĻ•ā§āϏāĻšā§‡āĻžā§āϜāϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ listed securities-āĻāϰ trading āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
10Listed CompanyāϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϭ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϕ⧋āύ⧋ stock exchange-āĻ āϝāĻžāϰ shares officially listedāĨ¤
11Ticker SymbolāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϕ⧋āĻĄāϕ⧋āύ⧋ stock-āϕ⧇ āĻļāύāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āώāĻŋāĻĒā§āϤ symbol, āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ AAPLāĨ¤
12Share PriceāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ share-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ market priceāĨ¤
13Market PriceāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ market-āĻ āϝ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡ stock trade āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
14Market CapitalizationāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§‹āϟ outstanding shares × share priceāĨ¤
15Large-CapāĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύ⧀ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ market capitalization-āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĨ¤
16Mid-CapāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύ⧀ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāϰāĻŋ market capitalization-āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĨ¤
17Small-Capāϛ⧋āϟ āĻŽā§‚āϞāϧāύ⧀ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϛ⧋āϟ market capitalization-āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĨ¤
18Mega-CapāĻ…āϤāĻŋ-āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ market capitalization-āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāĨ¤
19Blue-Chip StockāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻŋāϤ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ stockāĨ¤
20Growth StockāĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ earnings/revenue āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžāϰ stockāĨ¤
21Value StockāϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰFundamental value-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ market price āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§‡â€”āĻāĻŽāύ stockāĨ¤
22Income StockāφāϝāĻŧāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ dividend āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤ stockāĨ¤
23Dividend StockāĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰshareholder-āĻĻ⧇āϰ dividend āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž stockāĨ¤
24Penny StockāĻ•āĻŽ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ•āĻŽ share price āĻ“ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ speculative risk-āĻāϰ stockāĨ¤
25Common StockāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ shareholder-āϕ⧇ voting āĻ“ residual ownership rights āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
26Preferred StockāĻ…āĻ—ā§āϰāĻžāϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰdividend āĻ“ liquidation-āĻāϰ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ common stock-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ preference āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
27Outstanding SharesāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŽā§‹āϟ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ shareholders-āĻāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž āĻŽā§‹āϟ sharesāĨ¤
28Authorized SharesāĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽā§‹āĻĻāĻŋāϤ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§‹āĻšā§āϚ āϝāϤ shares issue āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
29FloatāĻŸā§āϰ⧇āĻĄāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ public trading-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ available sharesāĨ¤
30Insider OwnershipāĻ…āĻ­ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ⧀āĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāύāĻžāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ insiders-āĻāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āĻž shares-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤
31Institutional InvestorāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀Fund, pension, insurance āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ financial institutionāĨ¤
32Retail InvestorāĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ—āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ account āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ stock market-āĻ invest/trade āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĨ¤
33BrokerāĻŦā§āϰ⧋āĻ•āĻžāϰInvestor-āĻāϰ buy/sell order market-āĻ execute āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāϤāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
34Brokerage AccountāĻŦā§āϰ⧋āĻ•āĻžāϰ⧇āϜ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϟStock trade āĻ“ securities hold āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ investment accountāĨ¤
35PortfolioāĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻĒā§‹āĻ°ā§āϟāĻĢā§‹āϞāĻŋāĻ“Investor-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ stocks āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ assets-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāĨ¤
36DiversificationāĻŦ⧈āϚāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĻŖāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ stock/sector/asset-āĻ exposure āĻ›āĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ risk management āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
37SectorāĻ–āĻžāϤāĻāĻ•āχ āϧāϰāύ⧇āϰ business-āĻāϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞ⧋āϰ industry groupāĨ¤
38IndustryāĻļāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ–āĻžāϤāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ business activity-āĻāϰ āφāϰāĻ“ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ categoryāĨ¤
39Market OrderāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϟ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰavailable market price-āĻ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ buy/sell āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ orderāĨ¤
40Limit OrderāϞāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϟ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ price āĻŦāĻž āϤāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋ price-āĻ trade āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ orderāĨ¤
41Stop OrderāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĒ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ trigger price āĻĒ⧌āρāĻ›āĻžāϞ⧇ order āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
42Stop-Loss OrderāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĒ-āϞāϏ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰāϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ loss āϏ⧀āĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ exit orderāĨ¤
43Take-Profit OrderāĻŸā§‡āĻ•-āĻĒā§āϰāĻĢāĻŋāϟ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ profit level-āĻ position close āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ orderāĨ¤
44Bid PriceāĻŦāĻŋāĻĄMarket participant āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡ stock āĻ•āĻŋāύāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤāĨ¤
45Ask PriceāφāĻ¸ā§āĻ•Market participant āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āϝ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡ stock āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϤāĨ¤
46Bid-Ask SpreadāĻŦāĻŋāĻĄ-āφāĻ¸ā§āĻ• āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āĻĄBid āĻ“ Ask price-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝāĨ¤
47VolumeāĻŸā§āϰ⧇āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ­āϞāĻŋāωāĻŽāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āϤ shares trade āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
48Average VolumeāĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ āĻ­āϞāĻŋāωāĻŽāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ average trading volumeāĨ¤
49LiquidityāϞāĻŋāϕ⧁āχāĻĄāĻŋāϟāĻŋstock āĻ•āϤ āϏāĻšāĻœā§‡ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ price impact āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϕ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
50VolatilityāĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāϤāĻžstock price āĻ•āϤ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻ“ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
51Earningsāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āφāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ•āϤ profit āĻ•āϰ⧇āϛ⧇āĨ¤
52RevenueāĻŽā§‹āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧ āφāϝāĻŧāĻĒāĻŖā§āϝ āĻŦāĻž āϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŽā§‹āϟ incomeāĨ¤
53Net IncomeāύāĻŋāϟ āĻŽā§āύāĻžāĻĢāĻžāϏāĻŦ āĻ–āϰāϚ, interest āĻ“ tax āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ profitāĨ¤
54Gross ProfitāĻŽā§‹āϟ āĻŽā§āύāĻžāĻĢāĻžRevenue āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ cost of goods sold āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ profitāĨ¤
55Operating ProfitāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύ āĻŽā§āύāĻžāĻĢāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞ business operation āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϤ profitāĨ¤
56EBITDAāĻ…āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āϟāĻŋāĻ‚ earnings measureInterest, tax, depreciation āĻ“ amortization-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ earnings-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ measureāĨ¤
57EPSāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇ āφāϝāĻŧāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ earnings-āĻāϰ āĻ•āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ share-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āφāϏ⧇āĨ¤
58Diluted EPSdiluted EPSāϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ additional shares āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž EPSāĨ¤
59Earnings GrowthāφāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ earnings āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
60Revenue GrowthāφāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ sales/revenue āĻ•āϤ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāϛ⧇āĨ¤
61P/E RatioPrice-to-Earnings RatioShare price-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ earnings-āĻāϰ valuation measureāĨ¤
62Forward P/EāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž P/EāĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ future earnings āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ P/E āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦāĨ¤
63PEG RatioPEG āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤP/E-āϕ⧇ earnings growth-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ valuation measureāĨ¤
64P/B RatioPrice-to-Book RatioMarket price-āϕ⧇ company book value-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
65P/S RatioPrice-to-Sales RatioMarket value-āϕ⧇ company sales-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
66EV/EBITDAEnterprise Value/EBITDAāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ enterprise value-āϕ⧇ EBITDA-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
67Enterprise Value (EV)āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϰ āĻŽā§‹āϟ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝEquity value-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ debt āĻ“ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ adjustment āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āϚāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž valuation measureāĨ¤
68Book ValueāĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ assets āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ liabilities āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻāĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ accounting valueāĨ¤
69Book Value Per ShareāĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ book valueCompany book value-āϕ⧇ outstanding shares āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
70ROEReturn on EquityShareholders’ equity āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ•āϤ profit āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
71ROAReturn on AssetsāĻŽā§‹āϟ assets āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ•āϤ profit āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
72ROICReturn on Invested CapitalāĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž capital āĻ•āϤ āĻĻāĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
73Profit MargināĻŽā§āύāĻžāĻĢāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāύRevenue-āĻāϰ āĻ•āϤ āĻļāϤāĻžāĻ‚āĻļ profit āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
74Gross MarginGross Profit MarginRevenue-āĻāϰ āĻ•āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ gross profitāĨ¤
75Operating MarginOperating Profit MarginRevenue-āĻāϰ āĻ•āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ operating profitāĨ¤
76Net Profit MargināύāĻŋāϟ āĻŽā§āύāĻžāĻĢāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāύRevenue-āĻāϰ āĻ•āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ final net profitāĨ¤
77DividendāϞāĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāĻ‚āĻļāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ shareholders-āϕ⧇ profit-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
78Dividend YieldDividend-āĻāϰ āϰāĻŋāϟāĻžāĻ°ā§āύShare price-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ annual dividend-āĻāϰ percentageāĨ¤
79Dividend Payout RatioDividend payout āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤEarnings-āĻāϰ āĻ•āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ dividend āĻšāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻŦ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤
80Ex-Dividend DateEx-dividend āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ–āĻāχ āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϖ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ stock āĻ•āĻŋāύāϞ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āĻ˜ā§‹āώāĻŋāϤ dividend āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āύāĻžāĨ¤
81Dividend GrowthDividend āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ dividend āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāϛ⧇āĨ¤
82Stock BuybackāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧁āύāσāĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ shares market āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ•āĻŋāύ⧇ āύ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
83Share DilutionāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ dilutionāύāϤ⧁āύ shares issue āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ existing shareholders-āĻāϰ ownership percentage āĻ•āĻŽā§‡ āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
84Debt-to-Equity RatioāĻ‹āĻŖ-āχāϕ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻĒāĻžāϤCompany debt-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāϕ⧇ shareholders’ equity-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
85Current RatioCurrent RatioShort-term assets āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ short-term liabilities āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻļā§‹āϧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ measureāĨ¤
86Free Cash Flow (FCF)āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ āύāĻ—āĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšBusiness operation āĻ“ capital expenditure-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ cash flowāĨ¤
87Operating Cash FlowāĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύ cash flowāĻŽā§‚āϞ business operations āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ generated cashāĨ¤
88Cash Flow StatementāύāĻ—āĻĻ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰāĻŖā§€āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ cash inflow āĻ“ outflow āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ financial statementāĨ¤
89Balance SheetāφāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰāĻŖā§€Assets, liabilities āĻ“ equity-āĻāϰ financial snapshotāĨ¤
90Income StatementāφāϝāĻŧ-āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦāϰāĻŖā§€Revenue, expenses āĻ“ profit/loss āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧋ financial statementāĨ¤
91Fundamental AnalysisāĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖFinancial statements, earnings, valuation āĻ“ business fundamentals āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖāĨ¤
92Technical AnalysisāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ—āϰāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖPrice, volume āĻ“ chart pattern āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ market analysisāĨ¤
93Bull MarketāϊāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰāĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϧāϰ⧇ market-āĻāϰ overall upward trendāĨ¤
94Bear MarketāύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰāωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ“ sustained market declineāĨ¤
95BullishāϊāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžPrice āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ positive market viewāĨ¤
96BearishāύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāĻŽā§āĻ–ā§€ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžPrice āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦāύāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ negative market viewāĨ¤
97Short SellingāϧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋPrice āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžāϝāĻŧ stock sell āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻĻāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻ•āĻŋāύ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϰāϤ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ strategyāĨ¤
98Short SqueezeāĻļāĻ°ā§āϟ āĻ¸ā§āϕ⧁āχāϜShort sellers position close āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ price āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻŦ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
99Stock SplitāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāϜāύāĻāĻ•āχ ownership proportion āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ share āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāύ⧋ āĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ-share price āϏāĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻŦāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
100Risk ManagementāĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύāĻžCapital āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ“ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ loss āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ position size, stop-loss āĻ“ diversification āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
101Stock OptionāĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ price-āĻ stock āϕ⧇āύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŽāύ derivative contractāĨ¤
102Call OptionCall āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ price-āĻ stock āϕ⧇āύāĻžāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
103Put OptionPut āĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ price-āĻ stock āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϰ āĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
104Option PremiumāĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽOption āϕ⧇āύāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ buyer āϝ⧇ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
105Strike PriceāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāϝ⧇ price-āĻ option exercise āĻ•āϰāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
106Expiration DateāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻ āĻļ⧇āώ⧇āϰ āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ–Option contract-āĻāϰ validity āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ–āĨ¤
107In-the-Money (ITM)āϞāĻžāĻ­āϜāύāĻ• āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧOption-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ intrinsic value āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĨ¤
108At-the-Money (ATM)āĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻžāĻ•āĻžāĻ›āĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇Stock price āĻ“ strike price āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϏāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻšāϞ⧇āĨ¤
109Out-of-the-Money (OTM)āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ⧇ āϞāĻžāĻ­āϜāύāĻ• āύāϝāĻŧOption-āĻāϰ immediate intrinsic value āύ⧇āχ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĨ¤
110Intrinsic ValueāĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝOption āĻāĻ–āύāχ exercise āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āϝ⧇ theoretical value āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
111Time ValueāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝExpiration-āĻāϰ āφāϗ⧇ future opportunity-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ option-āĻāϰ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ valueāĨ¤
112Implied VolatilityāĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻŋāϤ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāϤāĻžOption price āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ market āϝ⧇ future volatility āĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻž āĻ•āϰāϛ⧇āĨ¤
113Historical VolatilityāϐāϤāĻŋāĻšāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϰāϤāĻžāĻ…āϤ⧀āϤ price movement āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻšāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž volatilityāĨ¤
114Option ChaināĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ strike price āĻ“ expiration-āĻāϰ options-āĻāϰ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤
115Open InterestāĻ–ā§‹āϞāĻž contractāĻāĻ–āύ⧋ close āĻŦāĻž settle āύāĻž āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž derivative contracts-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤
116Options VolumeāĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āĻ­āϞāĻŋāωāĻŽāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ trade āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž option contracts-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĨ¤
117Covered CallCovered Call strategyStock āϧāϰ⧇ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ⧇ Call option sell āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
118Protective PutProtective Put strategyStock āϧāϰ⧇ āϰ⧇āϖ⧇ downside protection-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ Put option āϕ⧇āύāĻžāĨ¤
119Options HedgingāĻ…āĻĒāĻļāύ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋Options āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ portfolio-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ loss-āĻāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ⧋āĨ¤
120Options GreeksOption risk measuresDelta, Gamma, Theta, Vega āχāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻĻāĻŋ option-āĻāϰ sensitivity āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
121DeltaDeltaStock price āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇ option price āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ sensitivity measureāĨ¤
122GammaGammaStock price āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ Delta āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāϰ measureāĨ¤
123ThetaThetaāϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ option value āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ measureāĨ¤
124VegaVegaImplied volatility āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ⧇ option price-āĻāϰ sensitivityāĨ¤
125Stock FuturesStock FuturesāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ price-āĻ stock-related exposure āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ derivative contractāĨ¤
126Futures ContractFutures āϚ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϖ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ terms-āĻ underlying asset-āĻāϰ transaction-āĻāϰ standardized contractāĨ¤
127Futures MarginFutures āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāύFutures position-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ broker/exchange-āĻ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻž collateralāĨ¤
128Initial MargināĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ• āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāύFutures position āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ margināĨ¤
129Maintenance MargināϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāĻžāĻŦ⧇āĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāύPosition āϧāϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ minimum required margināĨ¤
130Futures ExpirationFutures āĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻFutures contract-āĻāϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāĻ–āĨ¤
131ETFExchange-Traded FundExchange-āĻ stock-āĻāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ trade āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž fundāĨ¤
132Index ETFIndex ETFāϕ⧋āύ⧋ index-āĻāϰ performance āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ ETFāĨ¤
133Sector ETFSector ETFāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ industry āĻŦāĻž sector-āĻāϰ stock-āĻ exposure āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
134Bond ETFBond ETFāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ bond-āĻāϰ portfolio āĻ…āύ⧁āϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž exchange-traded fundāĨ¤
135Expense RatioāĻĢāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ–āϰāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰFund āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāύāĻžāϰ annual operating expenses-āĻāϰ percentageāĨ¤
136NAVNet Asset ValueFund-āĻāϰ assets āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ liabilities āĻŦāĻžāĻĻ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ unit-āĻāϰ valueāĨ¤
137ETF Tracking ErrorāĻŸā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŋāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝETF-āĻāϰ return āĻ“ āϤāĻžāϰ benchmark-āĻāϰ return-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝāĨ¤
138ETF PremiumETF āĻĒā§āϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽETF market price āϤāĻžāϰ NAV-āĻāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧇āĨ¤
139ETF DiscountETF āĻĄāĻŋāϏāĻ•āĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϟETF market price āϤāĻžāϰ NAV-āĻāϰ āĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻŽ āĻšāϞ⧇āĨ¤
140Mutual FundāĻŽāĻŋāωāϚ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻĢāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• investors-āĻāϰ āĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻāĻ•āĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ securities-āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻž fundāĨ¤
141Market MakerāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϟ āĻŽā§‡āĻ•āĻžāϰāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ Bid āĻ“ Ask quote āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ market liquidity āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ participantāĨ¤
142Liquidity ProviderāϞāĻŋāϕ⧁āχāĻĄāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀Market-āĻ buy/sell liquidity āϏāϰāĻŦāϰāĻžāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
143Order BookāĻ…āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧁āĻ•Market-āĻāϰ outstanding buy āĻ“ sell orders-āĻāϰ āϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĨ¤
144Market DepthāĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϟ āĻĄā§‡āĻĒāĻĨāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ price level-āĻ available buy āĻ“ sell orders-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĨ¤
145Level 1 DataLevel 1 market dataāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ current Bid, Ask āĻ“ last trade informationāĨ¤
146Level 2 DataLevel 2 market dataāĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āύ price level-āĻāϰ deeper Bid/Ask orders āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
147Pre-MarketāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ-āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚Regular market session āĻļ⧁āϰ⧁ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ trading periodāĨ¤
148After-Hours TradingāĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ-āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āĻŸā§āϰ⧇āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚Regular session āĻļ⧇āώ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ trading periodāĨ¤
149Regular Trading HoursāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻžāϜāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧExchange-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āϞ official trading sessionāĨ¤
150Trading HaltāĻŸā§āϰ⧇āĻĄāĻŋāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ stock-āĻāϰ trading āϏāĻžāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āĻžāĨ¤
151IPO PricingIPO āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ IPO-āϤ⧇ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ initial offering price āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
152Follow-on OfferingāĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āχāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁IPO-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ shares āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ capital āϏāĻ‚āĻ—ā§āϰāĻš āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
153Rights IssueāĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āχāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ shareholders-āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻļāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ shares āϕ⧇āύāĻžāϰ āϏ⧁āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
154Private PlacementāĻŦā§āϝāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ—āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋPublic market-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ investors-āĻāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϛ⧇ securities āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāĨ¤
155Secondary OfferingSecondary share offeringExisting shareholders āĻŦāĻž company āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ shares market-āĻ offer āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
156MergerāĻāϕ⧀āĻ­ā§‚āϤāĻ•āϰāĻŖāĻĻ⧁āχ āĻŦāĻž āϤāϤ⧋āϧāĻŋāĻ• āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ business entity āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
157AcquisitionāĻ…āϧāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖāĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ ownership/control āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
158Spin-OffāφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϕ⧋āύ⧋ business division āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāϤ⧁āύ independent company āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
159BankruptcyāĻĻ⧇āωāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻŦāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϤāĻžāϰ financial obligations āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĨ¤
160DelistingāϤāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤStock exchange āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϕ⧋āύ⧋ company’s shares āϏāϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤
161Earnings ReportāφāϝāĻŧ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ financial performance āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻž reportāĨ¤
162Earnings CallāφāϝāĻŧ-āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ conference callManagement āĻ“ analysts-āĻāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ earnings āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āφāϞ⧋āϚāύāĻžāĨ¤
163Earnings SurpriseāĻĒā§āϰāĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻļāĻžāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻĢāϞActual earnings āĻ“ analysts’ expectations-āĻāϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ•ā§āϝāĨ¤
164Earnings GuidanceāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž āφāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāϏāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž revenue āĻŦāĻž earnings āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ management estimate āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
165Analyst EstimateāĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāϏAnalysts-āĻāϰ āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž earnings āĻŦāĻž revenue āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻŽāĻžāύāĨ¤
166Revenue ForecastāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž revenue āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāϏāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āϝāϤ⧇ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻ•āϤ revenue āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ estimateāĨ¤
167Profit ForecastāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž profit āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāϏāĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž earnings āĻŦāĻž profit āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ estimateāĨ¤
168Annual ReportāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āώāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŦāĻ›āϰ⧇āϰ financial āĻ“ business performance-āĻāϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻŋāϤ reportāĨ¤
169Quarterly ReportāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧈āĻŽāĻžāϏāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ āϤāĻŋāύ āĻŽāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ financial performance reportāĨ¤
170SEC FilingāύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻ• āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧ filingāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāϰāĻžāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧇ publicly traded companies-āĻāϰ regulatory disclosuresāĨ¤
17110-KAnnual SEC filingU.S. public company-āĻāϰ comprehensive annual financial reportāĨ¤
17210-QQuarterly SEC filingU.S. public company-āĻāϰ quarterly financial reportāĨ¤
1738-KMaterial event filingāϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ corporate event āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ disclosureāĨ¤
174Proxy Statementshareholder information documentShareholders-āĻāϰ voting āĻ“ corporate decisions-āĻāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϤāĻĨā§āϝāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰāĨ¤
175Insider TradingInsider-āĻāϰ tradingāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ insiders āĻ•āĻ°ā§āϤ⧃āĻ• company shares āϕ⧇āύāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϚāĻž; āφāχāύāĻ—āϤ āĻ“ āĻ…āĻŦ⧈āϧ insider trading āφāϞāĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
176Insider BuyingInsider share purchaseCompany insider āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ shares āĻ•āĻŋāύāϞ⧇āĨ¤
177Insider SellingInsider share saleCompany insider āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ holdings-āĻāϰ shares āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇āĨ¤
178Institutional BuyingāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ institutions āϕ⧋āύ⧋ stock-āĻ buying activity āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇āĨ¤
179Institutional SellingāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ institutions stock holdings āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϞ⧇āĨ¤
180Smart MoneyāĻ…āĻ­āĻŋāĻœā§āĻž āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ market participantsāϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāϤ institutions āĻ“ sophisticated investors-āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
181Intrinsic ValueāĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ/āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ fundamentals āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ estimated fair valueāĨ¤
182Fair ValueāĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāϕ⧋āύ⧋ asset-āĻāϰ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϏāĻ™ā§āĻ—āϤ estimated market valueāĨ¤
183Undervalued StockāĻ•āĻŽ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰEstimated fair value-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ market price āĻ•āĻŽ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇āĨ¤
184Overvalued StockāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻļ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰEstimated fair value-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ market price āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāϞ⧇ āĻŽāύ⧇ āĻšāϞ⧇āĨ¤
185Discounted Cash Flow (DCF)āĻ­āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ¯ā§Ž cash flow āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύFuture cash flows-āĻāϰ present value āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ company valuation āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
186Discount RateDiscount āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϰFuture cash flow-āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ⧇ āφāύāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ rateāĨ¤
187Free Cash Flow YieldFCF-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāĻŽā§‚āϞāĻ• yieldāϕ⧋āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ free cash flow-āϕ⧇ market value-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ measureāĨ¤
188Dividend Discount Model (DDM)Dividend āĻ­āĻŋāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻŋāĻ• valuationFuture dividends-āĻāϰ present value āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ stock-āĻāϰ āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝ estimate āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
189Earnings YieldEarnings-āĻāϰ yieldEPS-āϕ⧇ share price-āĻāϰ āϏāĻ™ā§āϗ⧇ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ valuation measure āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
190Price-to-Cash-Flow (P/CF)Cash flow valuation ratioStock price āĻŦāĻž market value-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ cash flow āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āϤāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
191BetaMarket sensitivityMarket-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ stock āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•āĻŽ āύāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϚāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ measureāĨ¤
192AlphaāĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ performanceBenchmark-āĻāϰ āϤ⧁āϞāύāĻžāϝāĻŧ portfolio āĻŦāĻž stock-āĻāϰ excess returnāĨ¤
193Sharpe RatioRisk-adjusted returnāĻ•āϤāϟāĻž risk āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž return āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŽā§‚āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāύ⧇āϰ measureāĨ¤
194Standard Deviationvolatility measureReturns āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž average āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āϝ⧁āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
195CorrelationāϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻžāĻĻ⧁āχ asset-āĻāϰ price movement āĻ•āϤāϟāĻž āĻāĻ•āχ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāϰ⧀āϤ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϚāϞ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
196Moving AverageāĻ—āĻĄāĻŧ price indicatorāύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ average price āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ trend āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
197Relative Strength Index (RSI)momentum indicatorPrice momentum āĻ“ overbought/oversold condition āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāϪ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ indicatorāĨ¤
198MACDtrend-momentum indicatorMoving averages-āĻāϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ trend āĻ“ momentum āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āϞ⧇āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
199Support LevelāϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧ-āϏāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāύāĻāĻŽāύ price area āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ buying interest āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
200Resistance LevelāϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻžāĻŦā§āϝ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāϝāĻŧ-āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻāĻŽāύ price area āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ selling pressure āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤